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Circuit #1: This circuit was build to get 12V from battery and supply 5V to the system. The initial test was done with this circuit, but now we upgraded to Arduino Due that has built-in voltage regulator which helped to reduce some of the components in main system.
Power efficiency: After testing multiple voltage regulators, we found a power efficient voltage regulator and used in our main system. This voltage regulator is external.
Circuit #2: This circuit was used to obtain digital to analog converter and also to increase current using NPN transistor for motor. In Arduino, PWM with analogwrite command was used. This PWM goes through RC low pass filter which outputs DAC. The DAC was then goes through NPN transistor to increase the current because Arduino outputs low current. The diode was used along with the motor to stop reverse current and to safe our Arduino.
Circuit #3: This circuit was used to obtain 0-5K Ohm in order to control the speed of motor. We had 10K Ohm digital potentiometers IC, but our goal was to achieve 0-5K Ohm and thus we used two IC's in parallel.
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